Haiti`s Politics Essays - Presidents Of Haiti, Haiti, Republics

Haiti`s Politics The flood of refugees and disorder of democracy in the island nation of Haiti created the great controversy of whether the United States (US) should intervene and restore order in the country. The US turned to its worldview of disengagement to provide guidance; the conclusion questioned if even a drop of American blood should be spilled to aid Haiti. The experience in Vietnam modified attitudes so that the US wouldn't be so quick to intervene militarily in foreign conflicts. In accordance with its worldviews, the US shouldn't have intervened in Haiti since the situation not only lacked a clear threat to the US, but also the substantial benefit and strong public support?reasons deeming intervention necessary and proper at the time. The wave of refugees was hardly a threat to the US; yet reasons, at the time, for intervening was more of a political than military necessity and Haiti was in a state of domestic turmoil. The US has undergone three worldviews since the 1920s?each offering valuable lessons and shaping the foreign policy of the era. Munich-Pearl Harbor, also known as antiappeasement, was a dramatic shift from isolationism, which developed after World War I. When adhering to the isolationism, the US eventually found itself amidst a terrible, but preventable, war. When the British and French attempted unsuccessfully to satisfy Hitler's territorial demands at the conference in Munich, the world learned that appeasement will not prevent war; thus Munich became associated with weakness. Japan drew the US into the war through the attack on Pearl Harbor, ending the isolationist attitude. Both Europe and the US learned that they must contain the spread of communism, even if it may seem insignificant, to possibly to prevent the ensuing war. However, the antiappeasement policy led the US to enter the Vietnam conflict, revealing the weaknesses of the Munich-Pearl Harbor worldview?the US would be led into costly conflicts with little probability that it could win. The disaster in Vietnam led to the creation of the disengagement view, which was a combination of the Munich-Pearl Harbor and isolationism paradigms. This view suggests that the US fight only particular battles with high chances of success. Also, Vietnam portrayed that winning a war is doubtful if it doesn't have the support of the people and there shouldn't be any interventions in civil conflicts. The call for military action is justified if a clear and immediate danger is evident; however, the situation in Haiti lacked such a danger to the US. The only clear effect Haiti had on the US were the refugees attempting to reach American soil, which aroused the public enough to call for a stop to the influx of refugees. However, this request doesn't necessarily constitute major public support for military intervention in Haiti. Refugees are not considered a clear and immediate threat; therefore the use of the military is questionable. The US also learned from Vietnam that involvement in a conflict that the public does not condone hinders the chances of success. There wasn't strong public support for intervention in Haiti, as there was to enter World War II, thus it may become a regretful decision militarily as well as politically. Without a clear threat or overwhelming public support, the US lacked a definite reason to take action in Haiti. One lesson the US learned from Vietnam is that it shouldn't become involved in the civil disputes of other countries. The situation in Haiti was very much a civil situation. If the current worldview were followed, the US would have not gotten involved. The people of Haiti were divided between the supporters of democracy and those fearing the return of the democratic president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Therefore, attaining a clear mandate to assist the people of Haiti would be difficult. Vietnam exemplified that we shouldn't become militarily involved in foreign matter that do not have the support of that country's majority. Also, whether Haiti wants US help is unknown. When the US strived to restore stability in Haiti in 1915, the Haitians became upset and didn't want US aid, proving that the exact situation could occur now. The fact that Haiti was in a civil dispute weighs against support for intervening in the country. The actual reasons to finally take action with Haiti were not out of necessity, but rather out of political reasons. When action is taken from this direction, it will lack the widespread support found if action is taken out of necessity. The argument the US was intervening in Haiti to restore democracy was not the actual reason action was taken. Action was finally

Machavelli Essays - Niccol Machiavelli, The Prince, Merchant Prince

Machavelli Essays - Niccol Machiavelli, The Prince, Merchant Prince Machavelli Machiavelli and the President Lately, the president of the United States Bill Clinton, has pursued some policies that have been very unpopular not only with the general public but the electorate as well. Besides the whole Monica ordeal he feels that these unpopular policies will effect the results of the next election. The presidential advisors have formulated countless plans but no plan has seemed to work. One idea would be to leave the unpopular policies as they are because of the president and advisors belief that they are the best for the country. Another option would be to just present the unpopular policies in a new way to maybe change public opinion on them. Still another would be to just ignore the policies and concentrate on the election. No matter what option , if any, should be chosen one must be thought up quick and it must not only address the problem but solve it and fast. Since I have recently learned about Machiavelli and his work titled The Prince I feel his opinions would help to influence some decisions for the president and his advisors. A first and very important view of Machiavelli would be his view of the prince and his advisors. It is an infallible rule that a prince who is not wise himself cannot be well advised.(p.117) As it is up to the prince to be well advised it is also up to the president to be well advised as well. The presidents advisors, as well as the president, are not sure what actions to take, which in Machiavellis view would not be a good characteristic of a leader and as a result would not help gain friendship of the people. Good relationship with the people is one of his greatest points because without the people there is no leader. The leader, the president, must have the support of the people and if not he will not stay in power long. The president is not doing a good job of this because of his very unpopular policies. Machiavelli would never choose to just continue on the same path and peruse unpopular policies. It is necessary for a prince to possess the friendship; otherwise he has no recourse in times of adversity.(p.65) In response to this he would abandon the unpopular policies and concentrate on winning the election, keeping the people happy. Not only should the leader concentrate on the present and the future but consider the past. The prince ought to read history and study the actions of eminent men, examine the causes of their victories and defeat in order to imitate the former and avoid the latter.(p.82) History is bound to repeat itself if not watched very carefully. The leader must avoid repeating the blunders of the past and take note of the victories preceding him. Another view that would help the president out in his policies would be Machiavellis view on boldness. The leader is far better of to be bold instead of cautious. If you expect for the worse and be prepared for bad times even if its not the best strategy you will be better off in the long run. For if it happens that time and circumstances are favourable to one who acts with caution and prudence he will be successful, but if time and circumstances change he will be ruined, because he does not change his mode of procedure.(p. 121) The leader must at all times be prepared for the worst so he does not get caught off guard and make the people mad. If these views of Machiavelli seem straight forward or to direct maybe Leo Strauss or J.G.A. Pocock could explain these methods of leadership to the president. Pocock would elaborate on the subject of historical awareness. He could help the president understand that we have to look to our past to help better ourselves for the future. Strauss on the hand would compare Machiavelli to the greeks and thier writtings. He would go in depth though about how the greeks, Mr. T in particular, were kings in understatements while Machiavelli was very straightforward in his writtings. After presenting these views to the president I hope my knowledge of Machiavelli and his way of thinking could help influence the policies in place and maybe help the president win the up coming election. Maybe after my essay is read and I graduate Southwest Texas with a Political Science degree maybe I could get a job at the White House and someday take over his

Is Journalism in Declineor Being Reinvented in a Better Form in the Essay

Is Journalism in Declineor Being Reinvented in a Better Form in the Digital Age - Essay Example Journalists normally are doing the first which is surveillance. They report whatever is happening around in the world. Online news sites are available in abundance and the users can get all kinds of information at any time. However, there are some who are â€Å"afraid† that they might come across scams and spam and, therefore, the huge amount of information available to us today proves to be very daunting. The second of Laswell’s functions comes into play here which is the correlation function since it is about responding to the environment. Digital reporters make sure to include depth and interpretation in their work in order that the normal regular news consumer may be able to make out whatever is going on. After the journalists find out the information they need to select the best one to investigate and then report. This is the last of Laswell’s function transmitting the social inheritance. Through this they are able to carry out communication regarding the va lues of the society and this can be done through multimedia and interactive presentations. Journalism in a Digital Age Better journalism can be achieved through better regulations and such is the case for digital age as well. These regulations are required in order for the elimination of all kinds of negative aspects. The basis of journalism is news production and distribution. The role of journalism in the society is that of an actor as well as an arena. It is the role of journalists to report the events taking place around the world and also bring out the wrongs going around. It is by means of journalism that it is made sure that the country is free. And now that the society has digitized to such a great extent the information is flowing around very rapidly, and here a journalist’s role is extremely important and critical (Artwick 6). Digital journalism basically means journalism that is originated from the internet. Individuals are getting the power of technological innova tion and are being able to spread the news and information to the masses. Through digital journalism it is possible to create a new media landscape that would be easily accessible to everyone. There is a wide difference between internet and broadcasting but TV and radio channels have been able to set up online activities immediately. Due to the fact that these medium have traditional content, they have led the multimedia services within the same framework like online newspapers. Besides, since they are able to use the novel technology and media without having to make heavy investments on new equipment, the broadcasters are becoming an interest as study objects. Advantages of Digital Journalism Journalism is definitely becoming better as there is more and more advancement in technology. Journalism is always recognized with newspapers and manual work where the journalists have to actually go to the scene and write and report news. With the digital age in progress it is difficult for s ome to imagine that journalism would be able to continue. However, such is definitely not the case. Digitalizing journalism is an option and a very good one at that. Like Marshall McLuhan said: â€Å"technology is turning the world into a global village†. One example is that of newspaper editors. They can actually utilize technology to its best and for their work. For example they can check out the camera viewfinder via the internet and thus advise their

Multi-family Affordable Housing Developments Research Paper

Multi-family Affordable Housing Developments - Research Paper Example Before analyzing several studies that indicate these findings, it is important to take a look at the background of the problem. At the dawn of the twenty-first century, the United States was in an era of previously unknown prosperity. Per capita income, stock prices and unemployment rates were at their best levels in the country's history; however, there was not enough affordable housing for those sectors of the population that needed it. Victoria Basolo wrote, â€Å"Because of cuts in federal spending on housing, paired with spiking home values in major cities due to the period of prosperity, those at the poorest end of the spectrum began to suffer† (445). Prices for rent soared; certainly, the poorest suffered the most as leases came up for renewal, which altogether led to a major housing affordability crisis (Basolo 451). According to Ma Thi Nguyen, â€Å"[a]stounding numbers of extremely low- and very-low-income households having 'severe housing problems'...spurred a plea to the building community to look beyond making a profit† (Ma Thi Nguyen 16). Another factor in this crisis was the opposition that began to build in communities throughout the nation toward the construction of new affordable housing units. ... What this meant that people who needed affordable housing were not able to find the shelter they deserved, even though they were willing to work hard and contribute to the economy. Before going into detail on some of the studies, it is worth taking the time to discuss the meaning of the term â€Å"affordable housing.† This can have many different connotations, but when it comes up in the context of the decline of property values and the â€Å"NIMBY† issue, the aesthetic considerations of the unit, or the physical structure, come into question. For those who oppose affordable housing, they think of it as a separate form of living space. However, within the academic community, when the term â€Å"affordable housing† comes up, it has much more to do with the ability of people to afford to live in that house. According to HUD, housing is affordable if a household does not have to pay more than 30 percent of yearly income to live there. This term has some fluidity, th ough, as there are people at many different points on the socioeconomic spectrum who pay more than 30 percent of their income for rent or mortgage payment, and so there must be some combination between that 30 percent line and having a low income. Several different types of studies have looked at this issue. The earliest studies that analyzed the effect of affordable housing on property values utilized a test versus control area methodology, and took place in the late 1980s. This paradigm involves finding neighborhoods that have units of affordable housing and comparing them with neighborhoods that are similar in terms of a number of characteristics but do not have affordable housing units. The relative property values are calculated to determine

Marketing Concepts & Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Concepts & Strategies - Essay Example This is a good start to my career, as I will learn a lot in regards to the finance function. In addition, I will have worked for small companies and increased my expertise and skills. Lastly, to become a financial controller is one of my short-term goals that I will be fulfilling. Firstly, marketing is the creative side, whereby ideas and passion drive what a person believes. In addition, marketing helps an organization acquire and keep profitable customers. On the other hand, finance focuses and evaluates the benefits and rewards that are worthy of the business (Blythe, p. 8). The marketing knowledge will help a financial controller provides the financial results of a business. This includes the marketing expenditure in the organization. It involves the budget in which the marketing team needs to carry out promotional activities, training and sales conferences. Moreover, through financial statements that are prepared by the finance department, it is possible to know how much the marketing team spends over a certain period. In addition, it will help them understand and know whether the Return on Investment is positive or not. Through the marketing programs that aid in increasing sales, the financial controller can monitor the trends of sales and expense trend s in the business. The financial controller can advise on the most important expenditures that an organization can make, especially on areas of marketing and advertising. The possession of marketing knowledge helps a financial controller together with the marketing team to prepare budgets. Such budgets entail the expenditures in marketing campaigns and promotional activities (Blythe, p. 24). The financial controller can also measure the marketing departments to adhere to the limits in budgets and the efficiency of the budgets that the marketing department has used. Some of the examples that apply are as follows. When computing marketing ratio analysis, the financial controller works closely with

The Modern Machiavellian Prince

The Modern Machiavellian Prince   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Machiavelli wrote The Prince as an instruction manual for all princes to use as a rule book for ruling successfully. Machiavelli stressed the importance of stability in a kingdom and for the ruler to have complete control over his entire kingdom. The Prince was written mainly as a guide book for a prince to maintain his power and then to maintain his throne. To Machiavellis prince, the greatest good would be to have a moral and stable state so cruel actions are justified as protection. The main attribute to Machiavellis prince is that he must be loved and feared at the same time. A loved prince would result in people willing to do anything for him but they could go against their word unless he was also feared. When Machiavelli wrote The Prince in 1513 he dedicated it to Cesare Borgia, his ideal prince. Today, the modern Machiavellian prince attributes are depicted in Vladimir Putin, the Prime Minister of Russia. Putin is loved by his people but makes n o attempt to hide the fact that his main goal is to advance Russias influence on the world and he uses Machiavellis advice to protect his growing country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Following Machiavellis advice of always maintaining himself in princedom, unless deprived of it by some extraordinary and irresistible force, and even if so deprived will recover it (Machiavelli), Putin recovered his lost Presidential power by becoming the Prime Minister of Russia on May 8, 2008. As Prime Minister, Putin had more power than he did as President: Putin gained government control over the large monopolies and since nothing increases the reputation of a prince so much as great enterprises (Machiavelli) people began to trust him more with their finances. Once he had control over the monopolies, he was able to blame the collapse of the Russian economy in August 1998 on the monopolies (Russian Profile). When Putin gained control over the monopolies he was able to manipulate what the money was being used for and where it was going. With this knowledge, Putin was able to significantly reduce Russias foreign debt and gain popularity from all clas s levels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After being accepted by the upper class because he did not raise taxes, Putin aimed at getting the respect of the lower class. Machiavelli states that a prince should shower benefits upon them [the citizens], they are yours; they offer you their blood, their substance, their lives and their children (Machiavelli 75) and this is exactly what Putin did. The poverty level in Russia was over 30% when Putin became Prime Minister but it dropped to below 17% when he acted upon his ideas (Washington Post). Putin perfected the system of privileges by putting it under complete government control: The system of privileges was designed to help poverty stricken people purchase the food and goods they need to survive (Russia Profile). Strictly following The Prince, Putin made sure that he was considered giving: It is a good thing to be considered generous. But if liberality is not openly displayed for all to see, no one will ever hear about it (Machiavelli). Donating money to the Russian army for many years, Putin tried a more public approach; he organized an auction. In this auction Putin auctioned off a painted that he painted for $1.14 million dollars, promising all of the money to be given to the Russian government to help repair the economy or for any other use the found necessary (New York Times). Putin was able to show people how generous he was and gain more support in the process.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout The Prince, Machiavelli poses the question It is better to be loved more than feared or feared more than loved? Ideally, one ought to be both feared and loved (Machiavelli 70). Putin was defiantly loved by his people but he was afraid that they did not fear him enough. However, he quickly averted their belief that he was there to be their protector. He is, in a sense, protecting the Russian people but he does believe that people should not be punished when they do wrong. Putin resurrected torture colonies which people are sent to when they commit a crime against their country. The colonies range from torture by holding heavy weights and running to some of them imitating Nazi Death Camps. Putin relies on his people to for support and if they do not both love and fear him, he could lose his power forever. After a bitter argument over who played a larger part in World War II, Putin decided to cut off all oil flow to Poland. Putin knows that Rus sia controls most of the oil and gas and can use controlling it to manipulate countries to collapse to Russias desires since oil and gas are necessities. Machiavelli states that the wise prince will rely on what he can control and not on what is in the control of others and Putin ordered a gas cutoff to the Ukraine because of a commercial dispute and not a part of Moscows long-standing campaign to undermine Ukraines pro-Western government (Washington Post). Putin finally has a weapon he can hold over every country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Putin is still the Prime Minister of Russia and shows no signs of stopping his search for power. He recently developed a pipeline through Siberia so he can control the flow of oil and gas to all countries. Vladimir Putin is a modern day version of Machiavellis prince because he is power hungry for himself but makes it look as if he is doing it for his country. The Prince is all about how well you can lie to your people. They will love and fear you based on what they see you do, not on what they hear about you. Putin embodies all of the traits that Machiavellis prince had almost five hundred years ago. Works Cited Putins placemen pull the strings Telegraph. Telegraph.co.uk: news, business, sport, the Daily Telegraph newspaper, Sunday Telegraph Telegraph. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. . Russia Profile Putins Economy Eight Years On. Russia Profile Russian politics, Russian business, Russian current affairs and society. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. . The Prince. Machiavelli.1513 Vladimir Putin News The New York Times. Times Topics. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. . Vladimir Putin Wages a Cold War With a Heating Fuel washingtonpost.com. Washingtonpost.com nation, world, technology and Washington area news and headlines. Web. 15 Oct. 2009. .

Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I Essay -- Essays Papers

Labor, Socialism, and Politics to World War I Trade Unionism In the second half of the nineteenth century trade unionism became much more recognized by governments. The government recognized that it is the right of workers to organize. This fundamental common law principle became a freedom of contract or the concept that people should be free to make bargains with each other and that the law should enforce such contracts if necessary. This became legalized in the year 1871 and by the year 1875 picketing also became legal. By the year 1884 these unions became legalized by France’s Third Republic and also in Germany in 1890. These unions became corporations able to own property and to sue and be sued. This enabled these unions to protect their funds from defaulting officials. By mid way through the century the main focus of these unions was to organize skilled workers and to improve the working conditions and the wages for the workers. However, by the end of the century unions began to focus more on work for unskilled workers. This b ecame the first time that there were more unskilled workers than skilled workers in the workplace. In the decade before World War I most of the workers were still not unionized. Democracy and Political Parties The late nineteenth century was a great time of improvement for democratic electoral systems. The British passed their second voting reform act in 1867 and then passed a third in 1884. Also in 1871 Bismarck gave universal male suffrage for the German Empire. This had an effect on many other countries as well. Switzerland followed this and adopted universal male suffrage in 1879, Spain did in 1890, Belgium in 1893, Netherlands in 1896, Norway in 1898, and finally Italy i... ... Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Relations† Labor’s Great War http://sunsite.unc.edu uncpress/books/ fall97/mccartin.html This article was not that useful to me because most of it dealt with America - Norris,Nicole â€Å"Boldy going where no British Society has gone before†¦.† The Fabian Society 1996 http://www.hput.edu/Academics/English/fabian.htm This article was very useful to me. It gave me a lot of information on Fabianism. - Partington, Geoffrey â€Å"Trade Unionism and the New Protection http://www.exhibit.com.au/~~nicholls/nicholls/nichvol16/vol16/vol166tr.htm This article gave me a lot of useful information on trade unionism - â€Å"Bolshevism vs. Reformism† Historical Perspective http://www.plp.org/pl-_magazine/pyatnits.html This article helped me better understand Bolshevism